The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy in the first 22 weeks is often not recorded as the mother needed no medical or surgical treatment. Women who repeatedly suffer this tragedy can go unheard as a result. Gynecologists can feel unable to help.



But they can help. Research is showing how to identify women who suffer recurrent pregnancy loss and which treatments might prevent a further recurrence. Gynecologists are learning how to monitor subsequent pregnancies for the early signals of problems.



Recurrent Pregnancy Loss provides a practical approach to this hidden clinical challenge. The highly experienced, international author team explores:


•How to obtain a relevant history
•Which investigations to order
•The physiological reasons behind recurrent pregnancy loss
•The best approach to treatment
•How to monitor patients in subsequent pregnancies



Clinical in approach, practical in execution, with the patient at the centre, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss guides you as you support your patients.
List of Contributors

Series Foreword

Preface

1. Obtaining the Relevant History
Ole B. Christiansen

2. Which Investigations are Relevant?
Paulien G. de Jong, Emmy van den Boogaard, Claudia Kowalik, Rosa Vissenberg, Saskia Middeldorp

3. NK Cells in Peripheral Blood and the Endomand Mariëtte Goddijnetrium
Gavin Sacks

4. Cytokines and Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Silvia Daher, Maria Regina Torloni and Rosiane Mattar

5. How to Assess the Prognosis after Recurrent Miscarriage
Howard J.A. Carp

6. Which Treatments Should be Offered? PGD/PGS, Lymphocyte Immunization, Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Henriette Svarre Nielsen and Ole B. Christiansen

7. Which Treatments Should be Offered: Heparin/Aspirin, Progesterone, Prednisone
Muhammad A. Akhtar and Siobhan Quenby

8. Which Treatments Should be Offered: Metformin, hCG, GM-CSF/C-CSF, TNF-α Inhibitors, Standard IVF/ICSI
Ole B. Christiansen

9.Talking to Patients about Lifestyle, Behaviour and Miscarriage Risk
Ruth Bender Atik and Barbara E. Hepworth-Jones

10.Endocrine and Ultrasonic Surveillance of Pregnancies in Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage
Adjoa Appiah and Jemma Johns

11.Obstetric Complications in Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage – How Should They be Monitored in the Third Trimester?
Shehnaaz Jivraj

12.Recurrent Miscarriage After ART – a Double Challenge
Elisabeth C. Larsen and Ole B. Christiansen

13.How to Cope with Stress and Depression in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage
Keren Shakhar and Dida Fleisig

14.Recurrent Miscarriage and the Risk of Autoimmune Disease and Thromboembolic Disease
M. Angeles Martinez-Zamora, Ricard Cervera and Juan Balasch

15.How to Organize and Run an Early Pregnancy Unit/Recurrent Miscarriage Clinic: European Perspective
Ann Maria Ellard and Roy G. Farquharson

16.How to Organize an Early Pregnancy Unit/Recurrent Miscarriage Clinic: American Perspective
Joanne Kwak-Kim, Kuniaki Ota and Ae-Ra Han

17.Case Studies
Ole B. Christiansen
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